W języku angielskim czasowniki do i make należą do najczęściej używanych, a jednocześnie najczęściej mylonych przez osoby uczące się tego języka. Oba tłumaczymy na język polski jako „robić”, jednak ich zastosowanie w praktyce znacznie się różni. Błąd w ich użyciu może sprawić, że wypowiedź będzie brzmiała nienaturalnie lub nawet niezrozumiale dla naszego rozmówcy. W tym wpisie przyjrzymy się różnicom, analizując najczęstsze kolokacje z czasownikami do i make, które warto zapamiętać, by brzmieć j naturalnie w codziennej komunikacji po angielsku.
Podstawowa różnica między czasownikami do i make opiera się na rodzaju czynności, do jakiej się odnoszą. Czasownika do używamy najczęściej w kontekście pracy, obowiązków, rutynowych czynności oraz działań o charakterze ogólnym, które nie prowadzą do powstania fizycznego produktu. Często są to działania powtarzalne, abstrakcyjne lub trudne do jednoznacznego zdefiniowania.
Z kolei czasownik make stosujemy wtedy, gdy mówimy o tworzeniu, produkowaniu lub powodowaniu czegoś nowego. Najczęściej chodzi tu o rezultat działania – zarówno w sensie fizycznym (np. upieczenia ciasta), jak i abstrakcyjnym (np. podjęcie decyzji, popełnienie błędu). Działania te mają zazwyczaj namacalny lub wyraźnie określony efekt.
| DO | MAKE |
| to do an exercise | to make a cup of coffee |
| to do business with sb | to make a cake |
| to do homework | to make a decision |
| to do the cooking | to make a difference |
| to do the housework | to make a good / bad impression on sb |
| to do the ironing | to make a loss / a profit |
| to do the laundry | to make a mistake |
| to do the shopping | to make a noise |
| to do the washing-up | to make a phone call |
Najczęstsze wyrażenia z czasownikiem do
| Wyrażenie | Znaczenie | Przykład |
| to do a course | uczęszczać na kurs | She plans to do a course in dance. |
| to do a crossword | rozwiązywać krzyżówkę | My dad loves to do a crossword every morning. |
| to do a drawing | wykonać rysunek | He likes to do a drawing whenever he has free time. |
| to do sb a favour | zrobić / wyświadczyć komuś przysługę | Can I ask you to do me a favour? |
| to do a job | wykonać pracę, zadanie | He was hired to do a job, not to sit around. |
| to do a painting | malować obraz | He wants to do a painting of the mountains this weekend. |
| to do a presentation | zrobić prezentację | Tomorrow, I have to do a presentation in front of the board. |
| to do a test | zrobić test | We have to do a test at the end of the training. |
| to do an exam | podchodzić do egzaminu | She still has to do one exam before she graduates. |
| to do an exercise | wykonać ćwiczenie | We need to do this exercise for homework. |
| to do badly | źle wypaść | She tried hard, but still managed to do badly in the interview. |
| to do business | robić interesy | They continue to do business with partners abroad. |
| to do the chores | wykonywać prace domowe | Everyone in the house has to do chores on weekends. |
| to do damage | wyrządzić szkodę | He did serious damage to my car. |
| to do exercise | ćwiczyć | It’s important to do exercise to stay healthy. |
| to do good | zrobić coś dobrego | We should all try to do good in our communities. |
| to do harm | wyrządzić szkodę | I didn’t mean to do harm with my words. |
| to do homework | odrabiać lekcje | Children need to do homework before watching TV. |
| to do military service | odbywać służbę wojskową | More and more women are choosing to do military service. |
| to do paperwork | zrobić papierkową robotę | I had to do paperwork all day at the office. |
| to do research | prowadzić badania | She needs to do research before writing the report. |
| to do revision | powtórzyć materiał | Before the test, it’s important to do some revision. |
| to do the dishes | zmywać | It’s your turn to do the dishes after dinner. |
| to do the gardening | pracować w ogrodzie | He likes to do the gardening early in the morning. |
| to do the ironing | prasować | I usually listen to podcasts while I’m doing the ironing. |
| to do the shopping | zrobić zakupy | I forgot to do the shopping this morning. |
| to do time | odbywać karę więzienia | He was caught and had to do time for robbery. |
| to do well | mieć się dobrze | She seems to do well in her new job. |
| to do work | wykonywać pracę | I still have to do some work before the meeting. |
| to do your best | zrobić, co w mocy | I will do my best to learn English. |
| to do your duty | wykonywać obowiązki | Citizens are expected to do their duty and vote. |
| to do your hair | ułożyć włosy, uczesać się | I need a few more minutes to do my hair before we leave. |
| to do your makeup | zrobić sobie makijaż | How long does it usually take you to do your makeup in the morning? |
| to do your nails | zrobić sobie paznokcie | She loves to do her nails in different colours. |
| to do your part | zrobić swoją część | Everyone has to do their part to keep the house clean. |
| to do your share | wykonać swoją część | He never wants to do his share of the work. |
| to do your taxes | rozliczyć się z podatków | I still need to do my taxes before the deadline. |
| to do your worst | zrobić najgorsze, co można | Go ahead and do your worst – I’m not afraid of you. |
| to do 30 km/h | jechać z prędkością 30 km/h | You’re only allowed to do 30 km/h in this zone. |
| to do you good | zrobić coś dobrego dla siebie | Getting more sleep would definitely do you good. |
| to do the washing | robić pranie, prać | I usually do the washing on Fridays when I have more time. |
Najczęstsze wyrażenia z czasownikiem make
| Wyrażenie | Znaczenie | Przykład |
| to make an appointment with sb | umówić się z kimś na spotkanie | I have to make an appointment with my dentist. |
| to make arrangements | umawiać się na coś, ustalać | They are working hard to make arrangements for the wedding. |
| to make an attempt | spróbować, podjąć próbę | She decided to make an attempt to speak English during her trip to the UK. |
| to make believe | udawać, fantazjować | The kids love to make believe they are astronauts. |
| to make a bed | pościelić łóżko | Don’t forget to make your bed before you leave. |
| to make a change | zmienić coś | Sometimes you need to make a change to feel better. |
| to make a choice | dokonać wyboru | You’ll have to make a choice between these two universities. |
| to make a commitment | podjąć zobowiązanie | By signing the contract, you’re making a legal commitment. |
| to make a comment | skomentować | She refused to make a comment about the incident. |
| to make a complaint | złożyć skargę | You should make a complaint if the service was unacceptable. |
| to make a compromise | pójść na kompromis | After hours of negotiation, both sides finally made a compromise. |
| to make a confession | wyznać coś | He finally decided to make a confession about the theft. |
| to make a decision | podjąć decyzję | We need to make a decision before the end of the week. |
| to make a difference | zrobić różnicę | One person can make a difference if they try hard enough. |
| to make a discovery | odkryć coś | Scientists managed to make a discovery that could change medicine. |
| to make an effort | podjąć wysiłek | Try to make an effort to be more polite to others. |
| to make an error | popełnić błąd | She admitted to making an error in the final report. |
| to make an exception | zrobić wyjątek | I don’t usually lend books, but I will make an exception for you. |
| to make an excuse | wytłumaczyć się | He tried to make an excuse, but no one believed him. |
| to make a fire | rozpalić ogień | We gathered wood to make a fire by the lake. |
| to make a fool of yourself | zrobić z siebie głupka | He got drunk and completely made a fool of himself. |
| to make a fortune | zrobić fortunę | She made a fortune by investing in rental properties in Brazil. |
| to make friends | zaprzyjaźnić się | It’s easier to make friends when you’re open and kind. |
| to make fun of sb | naśmiewać się z kogoś | Don’t make fun of people for their mistakes. |
| to make an impression | zrobić wrażenie | He really wanted to make a good impression on his in-laws. |
| to make a joke | żartować | Please don’t make a joke during the serious part of the meeting. |
| to make a list | zrobić listę | I always make a list before I go grocery shopping every Saturday. |
| to make a loss | mieć stratę | The store made a loss during the first year of operation. |
| to make a mess | robić bałagan | The children made a mess in the kitchen while trying to bake a cake. |
| to make a mistake | popełnić błąd | Everyone has the right to make a mistake. |
| to make money | zarabiać pieniądze | He started his own business to make more money. |
| to make a move | ruszyć się, pospieszyć się | It’s time to make a move if we want to catch the train. |
| to make a noise | hałasować | Try not to make a noise while the baby is sleeping. |
| to make an observation | zwrócić na coś uwagę | She made an observation about the rising cost of food. |
| to make an offer | złożyć ofertę | They decided to make an offer in the tender for conducting language training. |
| to make a phone call | zadzwonić | Let me make a phone call to confirm our hotel reservation. |
| to make plans | robić plany, planować | We need to make plans for the summer holidays. |
| to make a point | wyjaśnić, dojść do sedna | He tried to make a point, but no one was listening. |
| to make a prediction | przewidywać | Experts make predictions about the effects of climate change. |
| to make a profit | zarobić | If we sell at that price, we won’t make a profit. |
| to make progress | robić postęp | She’s making great progress in learning French. |
| to make a promise | obiecać | Never make a promise you can’t keep. |
| to make a reservation | zarezerwować | I’d like to make a reservation for two at your restaurant. |
| to make a scene | zrobić scenę | She got upset at the restaurant and started to make a scene in front of everyone. |
| to make a sound | wydawać dźwięk | This machine makes a strange sound when it turns on. |
| to make a speech | wygłosić przemowę | She was nervous before making her speech at the conference. |
| to make a suggestion | zasugerować coś | Can I make a suggestion? Maybe we could leave earlier. |
| to make faces | stroić miny | The kids were making faces at each other during the class. |
| make room / space | zrobić miejsce | Can you make room for one more chair at the table? |
| to make sure | upewnić się | Always make sure your seatbelt is fastened. |
| to make trouble | narobić kłopotów | He likes to make trouble wherever he goes. |
| to make sense | mieć sens | It makes sense to start the meeting early so we can finish on time. |
| to make a visit to sb | odwiedzić koś | We plan to make a visit to our grandparents this weekend. |
| to make your way | skierować się do | After the meeting, she made her way back to the office. |
Photo: Sightseeing tour around Philadelphia