Różnice w użyciu czasowników „do” i „make” w języku angielskim

Sightseeing tour around Philadelphia

W języku angielskim czasowniki do i make należą do najczęściej używanych, a jednocześnie najczęściej mylonych przez osoby uczące się tego języka. Oba tłumaczymy na język polski jako „robić”, jednak ich zastosowanie w praktyce znacznie się różni. Błąd w ich użyciu może sprawić, że wypowiedź będzie brzmiała nienaturalnie lub nawet niezrozumiale dla naszego rozmówcy. W tym wpisie przyjrzymy się różnicom, analizując najczęstsze kolokacje z czasownikami do i make, które warto zapamiętać, by brzmieć j naturalnie w codziennej komunikacji po angielsku.

Podstawowa różnica między czasownikami do i make opiera się na rodzaju czynności, do jakiej się odnoszą. Czasownika do używamy najczęściej w kontekście pracy, obowiązków, rutynowych czynności oraz działań o charakterze ogólnym, które nie prowadzą do powstania fizycznego produktu. Często są to działania powtarzalne, abstrakcyjne lub trudne do jednoznacznego zdefiniowania.

Z kolei czasownik make stosujemy wtedy, gdy mówimy o tworzeniu, produkowaniu lub powodowaniu czegoś nowego. Najczęściej chodzi tu o rezultat działania – zarówno w sensie fizycznym (np. upieczenia ciasta), jak i abstrakcyjnym (np. podjęcie decyzji, popełnienie błędu). Działania te mają zazwyczaj namacalny lub wyraźnie określony efekt.

DOMAKE
to do an exerciseto make a cup of coffee
to do business with sbto make a cake
to do homeworkto make a decision
to do the cookingto make a difference
to do the houseworkto make a good / bad impression on sb
to do the ironingto make a loss / a profit
to do the laundryto make a mistake
to do the shoppingto make a noise
to do the washing-upto make a phone call

Najczęstsze wyrażenia z czasownikiem do
WyrażenieZnaczeniePrzykład
to do a courseuczęszczać na kursShe plans to do a course in dance.
to do a crosswordrozwiązywać krzyżówkęMy dad loves to do a crossword every morning.
to do a drawingwykonać rysunekHe likes to do a drawing whenever he has free time.
to do sb a favourzrobić / wyświadczyć komuś przysługęCan I ask you to do me a favour?
to do a jobwykonać pracę, zadanieHe was hired to do a job, not to sit around.
to do a painting malować obrazHe wants to do a painting of the mountains this weekend.
to do a presentationzrobić prezentacjęTomorrow, I have to do a presentation in front of the board.
to do a testzrobić testWe have to do a test at the end of the training.
to do an exampodchodzić do egzaminuShe still has to do one exam before she graduates.
to do an exercisewykonać ćwiczenieWe need to do this exercise for homework.
to do badlyźle wypaśćShe tried hard, but still managed to do badly in the interview.
to do businessrobić interesyThey continue to do business with partners abroad.
to do the choreswykonywać prace domoweEveryone in the house has to do chores on weekends.
to do damagewyrządzić szkodęHe did serious damage to my car.
to do exercisećwiczyćIt’s important to do exercise to stay healthy.
to do goodzrobić coś dobregoWe should all try to do good in our communities.
to do harmwyrządzić szkodęI didn’t mean to do harm with my words.
to do homeworkodrabiać lekcjeChildren need to do homework before watching TV.
to do military serviceodbywać służbę wojskowąMore and more women are choosing to do military service.
to do paperworkzrobić papierkową robotęI had to do paperwork all day at the office.
to do researchprowadzić badaniaShe needs to do research before writing the report.
to do revisionpowtórzyć materiał Before the test, it’s important to do some revision.
to do the disheszmywaćIt’s your turn to do the dishes after dinner.
to do the gardeningpracować w ogrodzieHe likes to do the gardening early in the morning.
to do the ironingprasowaćI usually listen to podcasts while I’m doing the ironing.
to do the shoppingzrobić zakupyI forgot to do the shopping this morning.
to do timeodbywać karę więzieniaHe was caught and had to do time for robbery.
to do wellmieć się dobrzeShe seems to do well in her new job.
to do workwykonywać pracęI still have to do some work before the meeting.
to do your bestzrobić, co w mocyI will do my best to learn English.
to do your dutywykonywać obowiązkiCitizens are expected to do their duty and vote.
to do your hairułożyć włosy, uczesać sięI need a few more minutes to do my hair before we leave.
to do your makeupzrobić sobie makijażHow long does it usually take you to do your makeup in the morning?
to do your nailszrobić sobie paznokcieShe loves to do her nails in different colours.
to do your partzrobić swoją częśćEveryone has to do their part to keep the house clean.
to do your sharewykonać swoją częśćHe never wants to do his share of the work.
to do your taxesrozliczyć się z podatkówI still need to do my taxes before the deadline.
to do your worstzrobić najgorsze, co możnaGo ahead and do your worst – I’m not afraid of you.
to do 30 km/hjechać z prędkością 30 km/hYou’re only allowed to do 30 km/h in this zone.
to do you goodzrobić coś dobrego dla siebieGetting more sleep would definitely do you good.
to do the washingrobić pranie, praćI usually do the washing on Fridays when I have more time.

Najczęstsze wyrażenia z czasownikiem make
WyrażenieZnaczeniePrzykład
to make an appointment with sbumówić się z kimś na spotkanieI have to make an appointment with my dentist.
to make arrangementsumawiać się na coś, ustalaćThey are working hard to make arrangements for the wedding.
to make an attempt spróbować, podjąć próbęShe decided to make an attempt to speak English during her trip to the UK.
to make believeudawać, fantazjowaćThe kids love to make believe they are astronauts.
to make a bedpościelić łóżkoDon’t forget to make your bed before you leave.
to make a changezmienić cośSometimes you need to make a change to feel better.
to make a choicedokonać wyboruYou’ll have to make a choice between these two universities.
to make a commitment podjąć zobowiązanieBy signing the contract, you’re making a legal commitment.
to make a comment skomentowaćShe refused to make a comment about the incident.
to make a complaintzłożyć skargęYou should make a complaint if the service was unacceptable.
to make a compromise pójść na kompromisAfter hours of negotiation, both sides finally made a compromise.
to make a confession wyznać cośHe finally decided to make a confession about the theft.
to make a decisionpodjąć decyzjęWe need to make a decision before the end of the week.
to make a differencezrobić różnicęOne person can make a difference if they try hard enough.
to make a discoveryodkryć cośScientists managed to make a discovery that could change medicine.
to make an effortpodjąć wysiłekTry to make an effort to be more polite to others.
to make an errorpopełnić błądShe admitted to making an error in the final report.
to make an exceptionzrobić wyjątekI don’t usually lend books, but I will make an exception for you.
to make an excusewytłumaczyć sięHe tried to make an excuse, but no one believed him.
to make a firerozpalić ogieńWe gathered wood to make a fire by the lake.
to make a fool of yourselfzrobić z siebie głupkaHe got drunk and completely made a fool of himself.
to make a fortunezrobić fortunęShe made a fortune by investing in rental properties in Brazil.
to make friendszaprzyjaźnić sięIt’s easier to make friends when you’re open and kind.
to make fun of sbnaśmiewać się z kogośDon’t make fun of people for their mistakes.
to make an impressionzrobić wrażenieHe really wanted to make a good impression on his in-laws.
to make a jokeżartowaćPlease don’t make a joke during the serious part of the meeting.
to make a listzrobić listęI always make a list before I go grocery shopping every Saturday.
to make a lossmieć stratęThe store made a loss during the first year of operation.
to make a messrobić bałagan The children made a mess in the kitchen while trying to bake a cake.
to make a mistakepopełnić błądEveryone has the right to make a mistake.
to make moneyzarabiać pieniądzeHe started his own business to make more money.
to make a moveruszyć się, pospieszyć się It’s time to make a move if we want to catch the train.
to make a noisehałasowaćTry not to make a noise while the baby is sleeping.
to make an observationzwrócić na coś uwagęShe made an observation about the rising cost of food.
to make an offerzłożyć ofertęThey decided to make an offer in the tender for conducting language training.
to make a phone callzadzwonićLet me make a phone call to confirm our hotel reservation.
to make plansrobić plany, planowaćWe need to make plans for the summer holidays.
to make a pointwyjaśnić, dojść do sednaHe tried to make a point, but no one was listening.
to make a predictionprzewidywaćExperts make predictions about the effects of climate change.
to make a profitzarobićIf we sell at that price, we won’t make a profit.
to make progressrobić postępShe’s making great progress in learning French.
to make a promiseobiecaćNever make a promise you can’t keep.
to make a reservationzarezerwowaćI’d like to make a reservation for two at your restaurant.
to make a scene zrobić scenę She got upset at the restaurant and started to make a scene in front of everyone.
to make a soundwydawać dźwiękThis machine makes a strange sound when it turns on.
to make a speechwygłosić przemowęShe was nervous before making her speech at the conference.
to make a suggestionzasugerować cośCan I make a suggestion? Maybe we could leave earlier.
to make facesstroić minyThe kids were making faces at each other during the class.
make room / spacezrobić miejsceCan you make room for one more chair at the table?
to make sureupewnić sięAlways make sure your seatbelt is fastened.
to make troublenarobić kłopotówHe likes to make trouble wherever he goes.
to make sensemieć sensIt makes sense to start the meeting early so we can finish on time.
to make a visit to sbodwiedzić kośWe plan to make a visit to our grandparents this weekend.
to make your wayskierować się doAfter the meeting, she made her way back to the office.

Photo: Sightseeing tour around Philadelphia